HIC-Vac blog
![Evelyn Ngandu Evelyn Ngandu](https://www.hic-vac.org/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/Evelyn%20Ngandu%20square.jpg?itok=0T7UXzV8)
In 2022 we ran a series of three webinars on public involvement and engagement with human challenge studies. If you weren't able to see them live, the recordings can be viewed below.
![rotavirus Dr. Erskine Palmer, USCDCP PIXNIO rotavirus](https://www.hic-vac.org/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/rotavirus.jpg?itok=-EaLyKxm)
Diarrhoea continues to be one of the leading causes of death among children worldwide (nearly half a million deaths in the under-fives) and affects children living in low-income countries the most.
![Bordetella pertussis growing on agar Bordetella pertussis growing on agar](https://www.hic-vac.org/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/Bordetella_pertussis_on_Charcoal_Agar.jpg?itok=AWWBHOu0)
October 1784, Thomas Jefferson (known as the Founding Father of the United States and author of the Declaration of Independence) was serving as Minister to France.
![The pneumococcus The pneumococcus](https://www.hic-vac.org/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/pneumococcus.jpg?itok=e6iFifLx)
Streptococcus pneumoniae (or pneumococcus) is a type of bacteria that is a major cause of pneumonia – a disease where the lungs become inflamed and fill with fluid causing breathing difficulties.
![salmonella typhi salmonella typhi](https://www.hic-vac.org/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/salmonella_typhi.jpg?itok=eDMp2hMP)
Salmonella Typhi bacteria can invade the intestines and blood and lead to a disease called typhoid fever – a disease that affects around 11 million people each year globally.
![Female mosquito Female mosquito](https://www.hic-vac.org/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/mosquito-542156_1920.jpg?itok=rtHW9aYm)
Malaria is a life-threatening disease with a big global impact.
![Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pneumoniae](https://www.hic-vac.org/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/Streptococcus_pneumoniae_-_A_causative_bacteria_of_meningitis.jpg?itok=XF5QGivo)
You might have seen some recent headlines that picking your nose could spread bacteria that cause pneumonia.
![Virus Virus](https://www.hic-vac.org/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/virus%20general.jpg?itok=Watg7CeV)
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a very common virus – nearly all children will catch it before they turn 2, and everyone has been infected by it several times before adulthood.
![Typhoid fever poster Typhoid fever poster](https://www.hic-vac.org/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/typhoid%20fever.jpg?itok=XH399KtA)
Salmonella is a common type of bacteria that lives in the guts of people and animals. In most cases in the UK, salmonella infections cause non-life-threatening gut symptoms including diarrhoea, vomiting, cramps and fever.
![Hands holding a vaccine Hands holding a vaccine](https://www.hic-vac.org/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/Flu-vaccine-image.jpg?itok=GIr6BBm_)
A new, more potent flu vaccine to be given to the over 65s has been announced today by Public Health England (PHE).
![Blood sample Blood sample](https://www.hic-vac.org/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/content-types/news/blood-sample.jpg?itok=NrqyZ0fL)
Understanding the causes and spread of disease is crucial to improving human (and animal) health.
![](https://www.hic-vac.org/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/content-types/news/The_cow_pock.jpg?itok=ZgLCgV3R)
Modern-day volunteer infection studies are carefully managed. The aim is to deliberately expose healthy volunteers to infections – they might get sick, but in a safe and manageable way with healthcare support.